Indian
plate is composed of the Indian subcontinent and the northern part of the
Indian Ocean.
LIMITS: It is separated from the Arabian
plate in the west by Carlsberg ridge and Owen fracture zone.
Himalayas
and Arakan-yoma ranges mark the northern and eastern limits of Indian plate
respectively (product of collision between indian plate and Eurasian plates
along the subduction zone).
Subduction
zone is known as Indus-Tsangpo suture zone that marks the northern boundary of
the Himalayas.
(1)PHYISIOGRAPHIC
FEATURES:
Indian
subcontinent: Indian craton has remained largely stable since late pre
Cambrian.
The
youthful Himalayas and Arakan yoma are active tectonic belts that are still
undergoing tectonic uplift and erosion.
Himalayas(Neogene
Period) as a barrier to the monsoon winds that lead to a great amount of
precipitation over the mountains.
Indian
Subcontinent is divisible into three geomorphic units:
·
Peninsular
India
·
Extra
Peninsular India
·
Indo-Gangetic
Plains
(1)Peninsula
is a triangular landmass that is bonded by Indian Ocean in south, Bay of Bengal
in east and Arabian Sea in west.
(2)Northern
boundary of the subcontinent is dominated by the youthful and
lofty(Tall)mountains of Alpine-Himalayan belt that form the extra peninsular
India.
(3)Indo-Gangetic
Plain that is situated between the extra peninsular and peninsular India is the
youngest geomorphic unit of Indian subcontinent.
Climate: Except Thar desert, Indian sub
continent falls under the humid tropical
climate.
Thar Desert
: Arid region.
Facts:
·
Mount
Everest(8848),Highest peak of the world.
·
Guru
Shikhar(1723), Highest peak of Aravalli range.
AGE: Since Archean age
(!)Plateau Mountains:
∙Deccan
plateau: The deccan
plateau dominates the topographic features of a greater part of Maharashtra and
adjoining regions.
·
Major
part of the Indian peninsula; is a triangular shaped rocky region(Altitude: 100
to 1000m)
·
It
is bounded by three mountain ranges(North: Satpura Range, East: Eastern ghats;
West: Western ghats)
∙Malwa Range: Along the northern flank of Narmada valley.
∙Bhander
and kaimur ranges:
Along the Son valley
∙Vindhya
Mountains: Central
India.
·
It
has a gentle northerly slope that is drained by tributaries of the ganga
river(Son river).
·
The
southern slopes of the range are steeper and drained by the tributaries of the
Narmada river (Here drained by meaning the movement of rainwater from mountain
to respective river).
(!!)Western
Ghats:
Also known
as Sahyadri; Along the western fringe of peninsular India.
Extension:
From Tapti River in the north to Kanyakumari in the south.
The central
line of the range constitutes the watershed for the three major river basins of
south India.
·
Godavari,
Krishna, Kaveri; flow direction: Western Ghats to Bay of Bengal.
Geological
characters of northern and southern parts of western ghats are different
Northern
Parts: Plateau
Mountains
Southern
parts: Nilgiri,
Anamalai, Cardamom hills of south india.
Nilgiri
hills are separated from the southern hills by a 30 to 40 km wide pass of lower
altitudes that is referred to as Palghat gap.
(!!!)Eastern
Ghats: It is made up of discontinuous range of low lying ranges.
Extension:
From West Bengal in the north to Tamilnadu in the south.
Older than
western ghats.
Eastern
ghats represent the erosional remnants of the folded mountains.
Narmada river: Flows westward into Arabian Sea is bordered by the
Vindhyan Ranges in the north and Satpura Ranges in the south.
Narmada and
Son rivers together define a lineament of continental dimension, known as Narmada-Son
lineament that has been active since Mesozoic era.
Narmada and Son river originates from
Amarkantak in MP.
(2)Extra-Peninsular India: The Extra Peninsular India is made up of The Himalayan Mountain ranges in the north and Arakan Yoma in the east.
Since Cenozoic Era
HIMALAYAS:
AGE: Neogene Period(Cenozoic Era)
Extension:
From Nanga Parbat in Kashmir to Namcha Barua in Arunanchal Pradesh.
Northern
limit of Himalaya is marked by a tectonic zone Known as Indus-Tsangpo suture zone(ITSZ)
that extends along Indus river in Ladakh and Tsangpo River in Tibet.
Divisions
of Himalayas:
·
Trans
Himalayas
·
Tethyan
Himalayas(fossils present)
·
Greater/Higher
Himalayas(Altitude: 6000m)
·
Middle
or Lesser Himalayas
·
Outer
or Shiwalikes
Outer
Himalayas that is also known as sub-Himalayas comprises the low lying foothills
in south of lesser Himalayas.
Outer
Himalaya is known as
·
Shivalik
Range: Himachal Pradesh and Uttranchal
·
Churia
hills: Nepal
Indo-Gangetic
Plains: One of the
Largest alluvial plains.
AGE: Filled with Quaternary(Cenozoic Era) sediments.
Extension:
From the mouth of Indus River(Draining into Arabian Sea in the West) through
the Northern plains of India to the great sunder ban delta system of the Bay of
Bengal in east.
The Plains
are divided into two major river basins:
·
Indus
Basin (in the west)
·
Ganga
Basin (in the east)
Bramhaputra
river that enters the plains in the upper assam joins the ganga basins.
PEACE OUT
-Ichbinaasif
Comments
Post a Comment